Empire of the North Atlantic

This book is an exploration and interpretation of three centuries of European rivalry and expansion in and around the North Atlantic. Professor Graham tells the story from the first conquest of the ocean by the armed sailing ship at the beginning of the sixteenth century to the end of the wooden ship of the line in the nineteenth. Gradually, in competition with Spain and then with Holland and finally with France, England achieved command of the seas, until, by the time of the Napoleonic Wars, despite her relative weakness in manpower, she was able to extend her Empire from its centre in the North Atlantic to the distant reaches of the Indian and Pacific oceans.